Study Guide: Exam 4

***Semester Review Question -

Be familiar with the difference between Internal (constructive) and External (destructive) Forces.  What drives each and features that result.

Chp. 10: Freshwater

What is the hydrologic cycle?

    -precipitation, evaporation, infiltration

What is a stream vs. a river?

What factors affect stream flow and velocity?

How is material carried in a stream?

 -Suspended load, bed load, dissolved load

What is ultimate vs. local base level?

Be familiar with the different stream channel types and where they form.

What is an alluvial fan vs. a delta

How can floods be controlled?

What is a lake?

How were the majority of lakes formed?

Briefly describe the life cycle of a lake.

Where does groundwater come from?

What is porosity and permeability?  How does it affect groundwater?

What is an aquifer and what materials make good aquifers?

Be familiar with the following terms: water table, zone of aeration, zone of saturation

Understand gaining or losing streams.

Be familiar with the terms: spring, perched aquifer, artesian aquifer

Have a general understanding of wetlands and their importance.

GLACIERS

What is a glacier?

What are the two main types of glaciers?

Are there active glaciers on the Earth today?

What are some erosional landforms created by alpine glaciers?

What are some glacial landforms composed of till?

What are some landforms composed of stratified drift?

http://www.scsc.k12.ar.us/2001Outwest/PacificEcology/Projects/HendricksR/default.htm

http://gemini.oscs.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/glaciers101.htm

Deserts

What is a desert?

Where are some common locations that deserts occur?

-         30° latitude

-         Rainshadow deserts

What is the role of water in a desert?

What is the role of wind in a desert?

Be familiar with basic landforms

-         Playa, Playa lake

-         Bajada, Pediment, Desert Pavement, Alluvial Fan

-         Dunes – Barchan, Parabolic, Transverse, Longitudinal

-         Loess deposits

Case Study: Basin & Range Region of the US vs. Mesa and Scarp

Chapter 13 & 14 – Oceans and Coasts

Why is the coastal zone geologically significant?

What are the major factors that shape the shoreline?

    -What are waves and how do they form?

    -What are tides, and what causes them?

    -What role do rivers play in shaping the coastline?

    -How is sediment moved in the coastal zone?

    -What is longshore drift and why is it important?

What are some differences between sediment-rich vs. sediment poor coastlines? 

What are some features found on each type of coastline?

Emergent vs. submergent coastlines.

    Emergent - marine terrace

    Submergent - estuaries

Be familiar with the basic coastal structures:

    jetty(ies) / groins

    Breakwater (breakwall)

    seawall

Geologic Time

 · What Relative Time vs. Absolute Time

 ·Be familiar with the Principles that Geologists use to tell relative time

    - Principle of Original Horizontality

    - Principle of Superposition

    - Principle of Cross-cutting relationships

 ·What is an unconformity?

    -What is a disconformity, angular unconformity and nonconformity?

 ·Be familiar with the concept of correlation

·How do geologists tell 'absolute time'

    - What is radiometric dating?

    -What is a half-life and how is it used to tell time?

    - What is a parent vs. a daughter isotope?

 ·Be familiar with the basic divisions of the geologic time scale. (Eon, era, period, epoch)

    -Why are there not as many details in the Hadean, Archaen, and     

    Proterozoic Eons?

    - What is the geologic time scale based on?  How were the divisions 

    created?